Actually, the body of research is substantial, and only examples are shown below. If we dig a little deeper, previous research on the topic can be separated into different subfields of weather forecasting. Despite this long and interconnected dependency between NMHSs and their users, common questions to discuss in the meteorological community still are “do the users understand our forecasts?” and “what are their needs and preferences”? Luckily, over the years, there have been numerous attempts to provide answers to the questions and to enlighten the community. In the same way as weather has always played a significant role to humankind in their everyday activities (Wiston & Mphale, 2018), NMHSs have since their origin been there to cover societal needs and to provide information to protect the inhabitants lives and properties. ![]() The two surveys indicate that there might be benefits of increased collaboration and sharing of data between European NMHSs to be able to offer their users more training, and to learn from each other in areas where insight already exists. Nearly one-third of NMHSs never meet face-to-face with users from the public. Although most of the NMHSs and their users are in regular contact, there is room for increasing the frequency of face-to-face meetings between them. Several findings from the surveys support conclusions of previous research, for example, concerning the perception of probabilities or taking measures in case of severe weather (many users would start their preliminary measures at a probability level of 60%). Both surveys were distributed in autumn 2019, and open for responses until spring 2020. These insights are based on two surveys undertaken in the framework of the EUMETNET Nowcasting (E-NWC) Programme, where EUMETNET represents the European Meteorological Services' Network: one survey for the participating NMHSs in the E-NWC Programme, and the other one for their respective users. ![]() The present study gives a broad European context, by providing perspectives from 18 countries and several user professions as well as from 14 National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), and by combining new insights from probabilistic forecasting, warning and interaction between NMHSs and their users. Although European studies have become more common in recent years, published research on perception and use of weather information has been dominated by studies from the United States with some scattered contributions across Europe.
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